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Some of the greatest moments of religious history have occurred when a poignant experience or event flies in the face of the traditional theological worldview cherished by an individual or society. A fascinating case study of one such occurrence lies open in the text of 4 Ezra (2 Esdras 3–14), wherein a learned Jewish scribe of the first century CE rethinks his inherited theological views...

The eagle, in accord with the bizarre imagery of apocalyptic visions, has twelve wings, eight little wings, and three heads. The complicated description of their actions throughout 11:1–35 is likely to be a coded allegory of a political situation easily recognizable to a first-century audience perhaps, but the specific details of the allegory are, for the most part, no longer clear. The little wings may refer to minor political or military figures of whom we know nothing, but the three heads are
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